Indo-Iranian languages Totally Explained

Everything about Indo-iranian Languages totally explained

The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It consists of four language groups: the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, and Dardic. The term Aryan languages is also used to refer to the Indo-Iranian languages . The speakers of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians, are usually associated with the late 3rd millennium BC Sintashta-Petrovka culture of Central Asia. Their expansion is believed to have been connected with the invention of the chariot.
The contemporary Indo-Iranian languages form the largest sub-branch of Indo-European, with more than one billion speakers in total, stretching from Europe (Romani) and the Caucasus (Ossetian) to East India. SIL in a 2005 estimate counts a total of 308 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu, ca. 540 million), Bengali (ca. 200 million), Punjabi (ca. 80 million), Marathi and Persian (ca. 70 million each), Gujarati (ca. 45 million), Pashto (40 million), Oriya (ca. 40 million), Kurdish(ca. 40 million) and Sindhi (ca. 20 million ).
Indo-Iranian languages were once spoken across a wider area still. The Scythians were described by Roman writer Strabo as inhabiting the lands to the north of the Black Sea in present-day Ukraine, Moldova and Romania. The river-names Don, Dnieper and Danube are of Indo-Iranian origin. The so-called Migration Period saw Indo-Iranian languages disappear from Eastern Europe with the arrival of the Turkic-speaking Pechenegs and others by the eighth century AD.

Subdivisions

Iranian Group:

Eastern Iranian
- Northeastern
  - Avestan (extinct)
  - Scythian (extinct)
    - Saka (extinct)
    - Ossetian
  - Sogdian (extinct)
    - Yaghnobi
  - Bactrian (extinct)
- Southeastern
  - Pashto
  - Pamiri
- Western Iranian
  - Northwestern
  - Southwestern ("Persid")
    - Old Persian (extinct)
      - Middle Persian (extinct)
        New Persian (spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan)
      - Luri / Bakhtiari
      - Tat
Indo-Aryan Group:
Vedic Sanskrit
Sanskrit
Pāli
Central Zone
- Hindustani
  - Hindi
  - Urdu
- Romani/Romany
Eastern Zone (Magadhan Prakrit languages)
Northern Zone (Pahari languages)
- Nepali
Northwestern Zone
Southern Zone
- Dhivehi / Mahl
- Sinhala
Western Zone

Dardic languages (sometimes also classified as Indic):

Dameli

Domaaki

Gawar-Bati

Kalsha-mun

Kashmiri

Khowar

Kohistani

Ningalami

Pashayi

Palula

Shina

Shumashti Nuristani languages:

Ashkunu (Ashkun)

Kamkata-viri (Bashgali)

Vasi-vari (Prasuni)

Tregami

Kalasha-ala (Waigali)Further Information

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